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Configuring your Mac's DNS (Domain Name Server) settings is a pretty straightforward process. Even so, there are a few subtle nuances to be aware of to help you get the most out of your DNS server.
You configure your Mac's DNS settings using the Network preference pane. In this example, we configure the DNS settings for a Mac that connects via an Ethernet-wired network. These same instructions can be used for any network connection type, including AirPort wireless connections.
What You Need
- One or more DNS IP (Internet Protocol) addresses.IP addresses are usually assigned by your ISP (Internet Service Provider), although you are usually under no constraints to use the assigned name servers. Many individuals prefer to use publicly available DNS services, such as Open DNS or Google DNS, on the theory that publicly available DNS services may be faster than those supplied by a local ISP. In actuality, there is no hard and fast rule about which is faster. If you're not sure which DNS service to use, you can use Google's namebench application to test the speed of any DNS system
- Administrative access to your Mac. You'll need an administrator password to make changes to the Network settings on your Mac. If your user account is the only user account on your Mac, then it is also the administrator account.
Configure Your Mac's DNS
Launch System Preferences by clicking the System Preferences icon in the Dock, or by selecting the System Preferences menu item from the Apple menu.
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Click the Network preference pane in the System Preferences window. The Network preference pane displays all of the network connection types currently available to your Mac. Usually, only one connection type is active, as indicated by the green dot next to its name. In this example, we show you how to change the DNS setting for either an Ethernet connection or Wi-Fi. The process is basically the same for any connection type you may be using – Ethernet, AirPort, Wi-Fi, Thunderbolt Bridge, even Bluetooth or something else entirely.
Select the connection type whose DNS settings you wish to change. An overview of the settings used by the selected connection will display. The overview may include the DNS settings, IP address in use, and other basic networking information, but do not make any changes here.
Click the Advanced button. The Advanced Network sheet will display.
Click the DNS tab, which then displays two lists. One of the lists contains the DNS Servers, and the other list contains Search Domains. (More about Search Domains appears a bit later in this article.)
The DNS Servers list may be empty, it may have one or more entries that are grayed out, or it may have entries in a normal dark text. Grayed-out text implies the IP addresses for the DNS server(s) were assigned by another device on your network, usually your network router. You can override the assignments by editing the DNS server list on your Mac. When you override DNS entries here, using your Mac's Network preference pane, it only affects your Mac and not any other device on your network.
Entries in the dark text indicate the DNS addresses were entered locally on your Mac. And of course, an empty entry signifies that no DNS servers have yet been assigned.
Editing DNS Entries
If the DNS list is empty or has one or more grayed-out entries, you can add one or more new DNS addresses to the list. Any entries you add will replace any grayed-out entries. If you wish to keep one or more of the grayed-out DNS addresses, you need to write the address down and then manually re-enter them as part of the process of adding new DNS addresses.
If you already have one or more DNS servers listed in dark text, any new entries you add will appear lower in the list and will not replace any existing DNS servers. If you want to replace one or more existing DNS servers, you can either enter the new DNS addresses and then drag the entries around to rearrange them, or delete the entries first, and then add the DNS addresses back in the order you wish them to appear.
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The order of the DNS servers is important. When your Mac needs to resolve a URL, it queries the first DNS entry on the list. If there is no response, your Mac asks the second entry on the list for the necessary information. This continues until either a DNS server returns an answer or your Mac runs through all of the listed DNS servers without receiving a response.
Adding a DNS Entry
Click the + (plus sign) in the bottom left corner.
Enter the DNS server address in either IPv6 or IPv4 formats. When entering IPv4, use dotted decimal format, that is, three groups of numbers separated by a decimal point. An example would be 208.67.222.222 (that's one of the DNS servers available from Open DNS). Press Return when done. Do not enter more than one DNS address per line.
To add more DNS addresses, repeat the above process.
Deleting a DNS Entry
Highlight the DNS address you wish to remove.
Click the - (minus sign) in the bottom left-hand corner.
Repeat for each additional DNS address you wish to remove.
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If you remove all DNS entries, any DNS address configured by another device (a grayed-out entry) will return.
Using Search Domains
The search domain pane in the DNS settings is used for auto-completing hostnames used in Safari and other network services. As an example, if your home network was configured with the domain name of example.com, and you wanted to access a network printer named ColorLaser, you would normally enter ColorLaser.example.com in Safari to access its status page.
If you added example.com to the Search Domain pane, then Safari would be able to append example.com to any single hostname entered. With the Search Domain pane filled in, next time you could just enter ColorLaser in Safari's URL field, and it would actually connect to ColorLaser.example.com.
Search Domains are added, removed, and organized using the same method as DNS entries discussed above.
Finishing up
Once you have finished making your edits, click the OK button. This action closes the Advanced Network sheet and returns you to the main Network Preference pane.
Click the Apply button to complete the DNS editing process.
Your new DNS settings are ready to be used. Remember, the settings you changed only affect your Mac. If you need to alter DNS settings for all the devices on your network, you should consider making the changes at your network router.
You may also wish to test the performance of your new DNS provider. You can do this with the help of the guide: Test Your DNS Provider to gain faster web access.
Directory services are a critical component of any enterprise environment. These services provide a database for central account management for both user and computer, as well as a framework for sharing that information among workstations and servers. Mac OS X's native directory service is called Open Directory.
Every Mac OS X computer includes a local Open Directory database -- referred to as a domain -- that stores information about local user accounts. This local domain allows each user to have a computing experience and home directory, and the local domain works with the file system to manage permissions on files and folders. Mac OS X Server relies on shared Open Directory domains to provide network user accounts that can be used to log into computers that are bound to a shared domain. The shared domain can also allow users to access resources on other servers that are bound to the domain. Shared domains also allow systems administrators to define custom user environments.
Open Directory is a multipart architecture that performs the basic functions of any directory service in addition to providing mechanisms for accessing non-native directory services platforms such as Microsoft Corp.'s Active Directory and Unix Network Information Service servers. It also has components that manage Mac OS X's access to self-discovering network protocols including Apple Computer Inc.'s Bonjour, Microsoft Corp.'s Server Message Block/Common Internet File System and the open standard Service Location Protocol. When discussing Open Directory, however, the phrase typically refers to its function as Mac OS X's native directory service.
NetInfo -- The local Open Directory domain
Each Mac OS X computer, including Mac OS X Server, has a local Open Directory domain. This domain stores all information about local users as well as information about the machine itself. The local domain for Mac OS X is a NetInfo domain. NetInfo is a proprietary directory service originally developed by NeXT Computer Inc. that originally served as Mac OS X's native directory service. As Mac OS X Server evolved, Apple replaced NetInfo with a service based on the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) that is often referred to as simply Open Directory.
There is little administration that needs to be done with the local NetInfo domain on Mac OS X computers. However, it is important to understand that the local domain is always the first source in which a Mac OS X computer will look for user information. It is also important to know that the local domain is visible in Mac OS X Server's Workgroup Manager; this is the tool used for managing user, group and computer accounts. User and group accounts stored in a server's local domain can access resources on the server, including share points, print queues and Internet services. Local accounts are not part of a shared domain, however, so they can't be used for log-in at Mac OS X computers.
Search paths for shared domains
Mac OS X computers can be bound to multiple directory domains (both Open Directory and domains of other platforms such as Active Directory). This requires that a search path be established that defines the order in which available domains will be searched for account information. This is different from a Windows environment, in which a list of available domains is part of the log-in dialog. As mentioned above, the local NetInfo domain will always be first in the search path on Mac OS X. However, you can place any other domains in any order that you choose.
Search paths can be useful in a number of ways. They allow you to have separate containers for different groups of users and/or computers. They also allow you to build support for multiple directory service platforms that can mix and match advantages of each system. For example, you could rely on user accounts stored in Active Directory but manage computers using accounts stored in Open Directory, which enables you take advantage of Apple's client management architecture. Search paths are powerful tools, but it is important to recognize that if you have users with the same name in two domains in a search path, only the account in the first domain of the search path will actually be found.
Directory binding
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Mac OS X computers can be bound to Open Directory domains in two ways. The first, and simplest, is Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). Mac OS X Server can include information about a domain with other information in response to a computer's DHCP request. By default, Mac OS X will accept and use Open Directory configurations received by DHCP. This is helpful both because it saves the time and effort of manually configuring each computer in a network.
For static binding, you configure access to directory domains using the Directory Access utility, which is located in the Utilities folder inside Mac OS X's Applications folder. Directory Access includes plug-in modules that can be configured for each of Open Directory's features. For instance, the LDAP v3 plug-in manages Open Directory domain configuration and binding.
Search paths are set by using the Authentication tab in Directory Access. You can choose to use an automatic search that includes DHCP-supplied domains and the local domain; local-only, in which only the local domain is used; and custom, which allows you to manually configure and set the search path of available domains. You can also use the Contacts tab to set up LDAP search paths of domains for Mac OS X's Address Book application.
Managing shared domains
Mac OS X Server supports four Open Directory roles: stand-alone, Open Directory Master, Open Directory Replica and Connected to a Directory System. A stand-alone server relies solely on its local NetInfo domain and is typically not used as a file or print server. An Open Directory Master is a server that is hosting a shared domain.
An Open Directory Replica is a server that hosts a read-only copy of the domain. Replicas allow for load balancing and support remote locations where a slow network link makes direct access to the Open Directory Master impractical. Replicas also allow for fail-over in the case of a failure of the master.
'Connected to a directory system' refers to a server that's bound to a shared domain but that is not providing directory services. Users can access servers connected to a directory system using accounts stored in the shared domain. Typically file, print and e-mail servers will use this role. In smaller environments, however, a server might offer these services in addition to being an Open Directory master or replica.
Open Directory domains rely on the Domain Name System (DNS) to function. For this reason, ensuring that you have a fully functioning DNS infrastructure is critical to setting up Open Directory in a network. Frequently, Open Directory failures can be traced back to problems with DNS. One of the pitfalls of simply walking through Mac OS X Server's 'Server Assistant' tool, which runs automatically after a basic installation, is that the Assistant offers you the option of setting up a new Open Directory domain. This can cause problems if the server you are setting up will serve as an Open Directory Master and DNS server.
As complex as Open Directory is, both as a whole and in the structure of individual domains, Apple has made the setup process extremely simple, provided you have DNS and other network services set up properly beforehand. You can easily change an existing server into an Open Directory Master by simply selecting that role from a pop-up menu in Mac OS X Server's 'Server Admin' utility. Then you enter basic information about the domain, including an account that will have administrative authority over the domain, the LDAP search base for the domain and the Kerberos realm that the domain will use.
You can elect to set additional features at this time (or later) as well, including default domain password policies, whether computers must communicate with the domain over secure connections, and whether computers accessing the domain must be bound to it. All of these options can substantially increase security.
Setting up replica servers and binding other servers to the domain are equally simple. There are, of course, more advanced tools for some administrative tasks, many of them being command-line tools that are beyond the scope of this article. However, for most environments, the graphical tools in Server Admin are all you need to get an Open Directory infrastructure up and running.
Kerberos and the Open Directory password server
Open Directory provides multiple mechanisms for securing passwords. The original mechanism used by Mac OS X Server was to store passwords as an attribute of the user account object. This feature is referred to as 'basic passwords' and is still supported for backwards compatibility with older versions of Mac OS X and Mac OS X Server, though it must be chosen as a specific option for each user account.
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Basic passwords are stored and transmitted in encrypted form. However, because they are stored in Open Directory domains, basic passwords are susceptible to offline security attacks using either Workgroup Manager or command-line Open Directory tools.
Open Directory also offers the default Open Directory password type. This technique stores user passwords outside of the domain itself in two places. The first is in a Kerberos realm. The second is in the Open Directory Password Server database.
Both offer enhanced security because the password is only set and verified and is never actually read by Open Directory. When these password types are used, only hashed information identifying the location of a user's password in either the Kerberos realm or Open Directory Password Server is physically stored in the user record.
By default, when a server is set up as an Open Directory Master, it is also set up as a Kerberos Key Distribution Center (KDC). This makes Mac OS X Server one of the easiest platforms to set up as a KDC because the process is almost entirely automated. It is also possible to use an alternate KDC -- including an Active Directory domain controller, which is helpful in a multiplatform environment.
In addition to securing password storage, Kerberos offers significant password security for user connections because it relies on tickets to authorize access to any 'Kerberized' services within a network. Thus, a user's password is transmitted only when he first logs in.
Kerberos also provides a seamless, single sign-on environment where users will not be repeatedly asked to authenticate as they connect to servers and browse for Kerberized services. Under Mac OS X Server, these Kerberized services include the Mac OS X log-in window, e-mail, Apple Filing Protocol and Server Message Block protocols for Mac and Windows file/printer sharing, virtual private networks, file transfer protocol services, Apache and Secure Shell access.
Because Mac OS X Server uses a standard Kerberos installation, you can offer additional Kerberized services within your network using servers and clients of other platforms, including Unix. Telnet and Rlogon are two examples of Unix services that can now be used with Kerberos.
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The Open Directory Password Server is good for those situations when Kerberos isn't an option. This can be useful for applications and services that don't support Kerberos as well as for times when there is a Kerberos failure. The Open Directory Password Server supports a broad range of standard encryption types for interaction with a range of platforms and services. Although it doesn't offer the secure and single sign-on advantages of Kerberos, the Open Directory Password Server provides solid security that is much better than basic passwords.
By default, when a user's password type is set to Open Directory, Open Directory will attempt to authenticate the user using Kerberos first and only use the password server in those instances where Kerberos isn't available.
Managed client environment
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Open Directory offers a rich managed client environment that can be used to secure and define the user environment for all users and computers. Virtually every aspect of the Mac OS X user experience can be preset for new users or can be permanently defined so that it can't be modified.
When using Mac OS X Server 10.4 (Tiger) with computers running the same Mac OS X release, it is also possible to create preference manifests. These are XML files that can be used to define the preferences settings of virtually any Mac OS X application. Managed preferences under Mac OS X can be set for individual users, groups or lists of computers.
Integrating with other directory service platforms
Active Directory integration is often the easiest, and there are several easy methods of integration for both Mac OS X computers and Mac OS X Server. Beyond Active Directory, Open Directory can be integrated with almost any platform that is LDAP-based or supports LDAP queries. In fact, true integration between Open Directory and Active Directory is often done using LDAP.
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